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Showing posts with label Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Show all posts
Showing posts with label Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Show all posts

Wednesday, March 05, 2025

US natalist conference to host race-science promoters and eugenicists at UT-Austin: This is downright disgraceful

Friends,

As I read this and came up with all the labels for this piece, this development at UT-Austin  is quite the smorgasbord. 
eugenics, UT-Austin, race and IQ, Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), scientific racism, white nationalism, scientific racism, Mankind Quarterly, neo-fascism, Great Replacement, extremism
I encourage people to read books and take courses that actually address how race is NOT a biological but rather a social construct. The very concept of race is a modern one that any close reading of the historical record reveals. In the U.S., according to race and ethnicity scholars Michael Omi and Howard Winant in their book, "Racial Formation in the United States," race is something that is very unstable and that occurs within a historical and contemporary process of racialization.

I remember an Arab Studies colleague at UT speaking to my class after 9-11, telling me that for the first time in his life, he experienced getting treated racially. Indeed, 9-11 resulted in the Arab/Muslim community becoming a race like other Black and Brown people. 

Racialization also happens regularly, if not casually, through everyday practices that result in the elevation of one race, color, or ethnicity over the other. That this is the norm is what not only gives racialization its power, but its invisibility. This gets complexified when adding sex, gender, ability, and other axes of demarcation.

I also urge readers to check out this earlier post of mine that lays it out all pretty well and that I encourage you to read:


Super disappointed that my university is opening the door to these discredited, white nationalist, neo-fascist frameworks. Whoever is responsible needs to take a course or two on race and ethnic relations themselves. 

This is beyond shameful. It's downright disgraceful. A new low, for sure.

-Angela Valenzuela 


Reference

Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. Routledge.


US natalist conference to host race-science promoters and eugenicists

Details emerge about Natal conference in Austin later this month, set to feature figures linked to far-right politics




The campus of the University of Texas at Austin. It is the second time the Natal conference has been held. Photograph: Jon Shapley/Houston Chronicle via Getty Images

by Jason Wilson, March 3, 2025, The Guardian

A natalist conference featuring speakers including self-described eugenicists and promoters of race science, apparently including the man behind a previously pseudonymous race-science influencer account, and the founder of a startup offering IQ screening for IVF embryos, will be held at a hotel and conference venue operated by the public University of Texas, Austin.

Details of the conference have emerged as a prominent supporter of pro-natalist positions, the tech billionaire Elon Musk, lays waste US government agencies under the banner of his “Doge” initiative, with the blessing of Donald Trump.

Natalism in its current often rightwing iteration encourages high birth rates, and Musk has been a vocal proponent. He also maintains a large compound home near Austin, where reportedly he plans to house some of his children and two of their mothers.

The Natal conference website embeds a Musk post on X, reading: “If birth rates continue to plummet, human civilization will end.” Musk, who reportedly has at least 13 children by four mothers, was in recent days confronted on X by musician Grimes and the rightwing influencer Ashley St Clair over his alleged neglect of the children he has fathered with them.

The conference, scheduled for 28-29 March, is being organized by Kevin Dolan, who the Guardian identified in 2021 as the person behind a Twitter account that was prominent in the far-right “DezNat” movement, and last year as the organizer of the first conference. It is the second time the conference has been held, and once again, the speakers roster runs from provocateurs who emerged from the “fascist fitness scene” to practitioners of “liberal eugenics”.

Patrik Hermansson, a researcher at Hope Not Hate, a British anti-hate non-profit, said that the pro-natalism beliefs informing the Natal conference was one of the crucial planks of “the modern race science movement”.

“It’s about having more babies,” he said, “but it’s important to ask whose babies. It’s about promoting the idea that certain people should have babies that have been improved with positive eugenics.”

Locating the Natal conference

On the ticketing page of the website for the conference, prospective attendees are told of the venue: “Register to see address.” However, in small print on the main page, prospective attendees are told that on day one they can “mingle with speakers and experts for dinner at the Bullock Museum of Texas History in Austin”, and the following day attend a “symposium at the AT&T Conference Center, featuring keynote speakers as well as a closed-door, facilitated ‘unconference’”.

A promotional email sent out by the organization said the conference had secured “discounted accommodations at the AT&T Conference Center for attendees”, accessible with a discount code. Standard tickets are $1,000, according to event’s ticketing page, but buyers are warned that purchases will “require approval”.

The Guardian emailed the University of Texas for comment on their venue hosting the conference.

Jordan Lasker, AKA ‘Cremieux’

One of the speakers at the conference is billed under a social media alias, Cremieux, but the Guardian has corroborated that the account is apparently run by Jordan Lasker, a long-time proponent of eugenics.

The @cremieuxrecueil X account has been boosted or engaged with dozens of times by that platform’s proprietor, Elon Musk, often on the topic of falling birthrates.

On 27 November, Musk reposted a Cremieux comment on falling birthrates, adding: “With rare exception, all countries are trending towards population collapse.”

On 29 April, Cremieux posted: “Only about a third of the world even meets replacement rate fertility. This is the biggest problem of our time.” Musk responded: “Yes.”

Musk has also boosted or responded favorably to Cremieux posts on other rightwing hobby horses such as crime in Portland, Oregon, and allegations that Democrats had created loopholes in the asylum system.

Away from X, Cremieux runs a Substack also featuring posts on the supposed relationships between race and IQ. A prominently featured post there seeks to defend the argument that average national IQs vary by up to 40 points, with countries in Europe, North America, and East Asia at the high end and countries in the global south at the low end, and several African countries purportedly having average national IQs at a level that experts associate with mental impairment.

Those arguments, first made in a book by Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, are now so discredited that journals including Proceedings of the Royal Society and Psychological Science have retracted articles that relied on the data. In 2020, the scholarly European Human Behaviour and Evolution Association published a blanket condemnation of Lynn’s data alongside its code of conduct on its website, writing: “Any conclusions drawn from these data are both untenable, and likely to give rise to racist conclusions.”

Lynn, whose work Cremieux seeks to defend in the post, was a self-described scientific racist, and is described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as “one of the most unapologetic and raw ‘scientific’ racists”.

Until his death in 2023, Lynn was a key figure in organized scientific racism. He served on the board of the Pioneer Fund, which funded “leading Anglo-American race scientists” for decades. He was editor of Mankind Quarterly, a long-standing “pseudo-scholarly outlet for promoting racial inequality”. He held a position on the advisory board of the Occidental Quarterly, a key platform for far-right intellectuals to express pseudo-scientific antisemitic views. He also presented at the American Renaissance conference, a white nationalist gathering where in 2002 he claimed higher rates of psychopathy and psychopathic behavior existed among Black populations compared to others.

Jordan Lasker has also sought to rehabilitate and employ Lynn’s work in papers published under his own name, perhaps most controversially in a co-written paper, Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability. One of his co-authors, Bryan Pesta, was later dismissed from his tenured professorship at Cleveland State University over the use of National Institutes of Health data in the paper.

Last October, the Guardian reported that Pesta had joined a video call with a network of race-science researchers who claimed to have “under the table” access to sensitive genetic data at the UK Biobank. Another of Lasker’s co-authors on Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability, Emil Kirkegaard, was the host of that video call.

Kirkegaard is a self-described eugenicist, explicitly advocates “race science”, and has credentialled himself as a senior fellow at the Ulster Institute for Social Research (UISR), an organization headed by Richard Lynn until his death.

Lasker’s role in running the Cremieux account has long been a subject of social media speculation, and recent efforts by some writers to further substantiate that identification have not been disputed by Lasker or the Cremieux account.

While previous investigations have focused on Lasker’s alleged history across several Reddit accounts, the Guardian obtained a scrape of the website of the 2024 Manifest conference via a source whose identity is being protected over fears of retaliation.

Last year, the Guardian reported that Manifest was held at a venue that FTX bankruptcy administrators alleged was partly secured with donations from the company Sam Bankman-Fried led into bankruptcy. Lighthaven, owners of the venue, subsequently denied that they had seen the money.

Source code from the site detailing conference registrations indicates that Cremieux, a guest speaker there, registered under an email associated with Lasker.

When the Guardian reached out on that Lasker-linked email to ask about the registration and other evidence pointing to his operation of the Cremieux, Lasker replied with a message containing a promotional code for discounted subscriptions to the Cremieux Substack.

Between the Guardian’s request for comment and Lasker’s response, the “neofascist lifestyle influencer” Charles Cornish-Dale, who posts under the pseudonym Raw Egg Nationalist, told his X followers that the Guardian was about to “doxx another anon”, that is to identify another pseudonymous rightwing influencer account.

Cornish-Dale was one of the influencers who responded with dismay after the Guardian identified Jonathan Keeperman as the man behind the “L0m3z” X account and rightwing publisher Passage Press last year. Later in the year, Cornish-Dale was himself identified as Raw Egg Nationalist by Hope Not Hate.

Cornish-Dale is a figurehead of the rightwing bodybuilding scene, and has been a keen promoter of the “Great Replacement” conspiracy theory. He had nevertheless lived with his mother in sleepy south Dorset during the entirety of his career as a rightwing influencer, according to Hope Not Hate.

Cornish-Dale and Keeperman are both also slated to speak at Natal this year.

‘Liberal eugenics’

Other Natal speakers are affiliated with organizations that promote eugenicist ideas and practices.

Broadly, eugenics is a group of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetic quality of a human population. It became the basis of a popular movement from the late 19th century, and led to governments around the world adopting policies such as forced sterilization of disabled and mentally ill people. The field was discredited due to its association with racial policies in Nazi Germany, and many critics have attacked it as a pseudoscience.

One scheduled speaker, Jonathan Anomaly is a former academic and an advocate of what he has called “liberal eugenics”.

The Guardian reported in October that he was a senior staff member at Heliospect, a startup offering to help wealthy couples screen their embryos for IQ even though screening embryos for these traits would be illegal in the UK.

On the podcast of “new right” figure Alex Kaschuta, in an episode published on Tuesday, Anomaly said of his company’s services: “What can you do? Well, through embryo selection, you’re going to be able to calculate polygenic scores that reduce disease, boost IQ at least a bit, and maybe more in the future.”

Diana Fleischman, another speaker scheduled to appear at Natal, is a podcast host and contributor at online magazine Aporia, as well as an academic evolutionary psychologist, according to her personal website.

The Guardian also reported last October that Aporia was at the center of an “international network of ‘race science’ activists seeking to influence public debate with discredited ideas on race and eugenics”.

One of Fleischman’s articles at Aporia is entitled “You’re probably a eugenicist”. On her Substack feed she has promoted excerpts from Aporia articles, including one on 29 November that used the Holocaust to bolster the claim that black people are innately less intelligence than whites: “If anti-black racism has such devastating effects on cognitive performance among blacks, why did the Holocaust leave no discernible impact on cognitive performance among Jews?”

The publication is operated by the Human Diversity Foundation, an organization registered in Wyoming by Emil Kirkegaard.

Aporia’s executive editor Bo Winegard was by his own account fired by Ohio’s Marietta College in March 2020 after, in a seminar hosted by the University of Alabama, Winegard reportedly said: “People in colder climates, because the differences in brain size, have more propensity for cooperation”.

Aporia editor Noah Carl was stripped of a postdoctoral fellowship at Cambridge University after it emerged that alongside his academic work in sociology, he had simultaneously been publishing scientific-racist articles in outlets notorious for peddling scientific racism, including Mankind Quarterly.

Returning to Natal for a second year running are also Malcolm and Simone Collins, the so-called “hipster eugenicists” who have become the prominent advocates of pro-natalism. The Guardian reported in November that the Collinses, after being approached by a man posing as a potential investor in their projects, produced a proposal for a city-state on the Isle of Man that “contained ideas that seem plucked out of a dystopian science fiction movie”.

The plan envisioned a society that would “grant more voting power to creators of economically productive agents”, and be ruled by a periodically rotated “dictator”. They said the arrangement would make the British crown dependency a center for the “mass production of genetically selected humans”.

The previous month, Hope Not Hate published an investigation, also derived from undercover interactions with the Collinses, showing that “despite [their] rejection of the label, what the couple propose is often reminiscent of eugenics”.

The Guardian reported on the 2024 iteration of the Natal conference ahead of the event, detailing the far-right history of event organizer Dolan, and the prominent place of other speakers in eugenicist and far-right politics.

Politico reporting from the event, and revealed that long-time white nationalist activist Taylor, founder of the American Renaissance conference, had been in attendance.

Sunday, September 03, 2023

The Year in Hate & Extremism: 2022, by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)

Friends, 

It's abundantly helpful to have credible information and data on the politics of
hate and extremism in our country from a source that has consistently studied this for years, namely, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).

I encourage you to read this 2022 report, as well as to check out their other publications. As they say on their website: "the ascent of the hard right is not inevitable. We can push back against this rising authoritarianism and turn the tide."

In short, we need to educate ourselves on these nefarious organizations in our midst that adhere to a politics of chaos and destruction in order to push forward extremist agendas.

-Angela Valenzuela  Download the report (PDF)

Reference

Center, S. P. L. (2022). Southern Poverty Law Center Releases Annual Year in Hate & Extremism Report: When Hate Goes Mainstream.

Thursday, July 13, 2023

Numbers suggest murky future for Moms for Liberty

Friends:

There is a lot to unpack here and I'll only do a bit. Honestly, we all need to take time to parse out all of this and have conversations about it. At the most general level, who are "Moms for Liberty, also known as "M4L" and "MFL"?" As per this blog by Heath Brown, their information is hidden from view, however, they say that they have 275 chapters in 45 states and more than a hundred thousand members nationwide. Some view them as akin to the Tea Party Movement that formed in 2009.

They say that they're anti-CRT, but they really aren't because they clearly do not understand it. This stance nevertheless serves their purposes as it allows them to conveniently weaponize race that they decry as “woke indoctrination.” They're also anti-LGBTQ and they back a false ideology of Christianity known as "Christian Nationalism" that promotes allegiance to country and their specific definition of Christianity. They also have a penchant for parading Black and Brown people who align with their cause to make it seem that they're more diverse than they really are. 

As you can read from the Southern Poverty Law Center website, the SPLC characterizes M4L as an anti-government, extremist group. 

Medhi Hassan with MSNBC notes that they keep their funding sources secret yet they enjoy close ties with the Heritage Foundation, also noting that they received funding in 2021 from Judy Fancelli who bankrolled the "Stop the Steal" January 6th attack on our nation's capital. The optics are deeply troubling. You can follow them yourselves on Twitter to learn more.  

What's most revealing to me is just how toxic they are from all the various reports I'm reading right now. The things is that "rage tactics," as Williams (2022) observes in her must-read piece in The New Yorker, is actually what they're about.

They do not express a desire to actually transform schools and curriculum, as those of us in the Ethnic Studies Movement seek to accomplish, but rather to promote censureship, dismantle public education and privatize schools by fostering a campaign of disenchantment in hopes that white, suburban mothers, in particular, turn against public schools. Ethnic Studies Movement advocates like myself are diametrically opposite, seeking to mend, not end, public education.

Born out of our long, extended, historical project of democracy as a nation, that at the grassroots level, is truly about living and being in relation to our public schools, and the public sphere, M4L belies the notion that public life should be rewarding—even if in moments contentious—whether occurring at local, city, or state-level politics.

It's almost as if the more unpleasant they are, the more power they think they have. I would hope that instead of praising M4L and giving them a platform as Trump and DeSantis have done, that all people of decency and conscience see them as the enemies of democracy that they are. 

If you have any doubt about this, I urge you to read the Williams (2022) piece. Even if this organization is less ascendant than they portray themselves to be, their access to eye-popping resources from conservative non-profits and wealthy donors is impactful, with power to potentially distort the public imagination of their levels of trust toward public education as connected to the common good that they abhor.

Thanks to Diane Ravitch for sharing this piece by Heath Brown.

-Angela Valenzuela

References

MSNBC News. (2022, Nov. 30). The Far-Right Moms Fighting the School Board Wars, The Mehdi Hassan Show [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLG1LWUN0tY

Williams, P. (2022, Oct. 31). The Right-Wing Mothers Fuelling the School-Board Wars, The New Yorker.


New chapters are forming, but not where it matters most for 2024

by Heath Brown | July 6, 2023


Photo by Gayatri Malhotra on Unsplash

There’s been a lot hay made lately about Moms for Liberty — the group formed in 2021 to oppose school mask mandates and other pandemic precautions. Jennifer Schuessler at the New York Times called them “a force in Republican politics” and Chris Lehmann at The Nation likened the group to the Tea Party.

There are good reasons to take Moms for Liberty seriously.

As Jennifer Berkshire and Jack Schneider explain on their podcast, it’s re-positioned itself over the last 12 months as the voice of anti-teacher vitriol, eager to ban books at the mere mention of race or LGBTQ issues. Classics, like The Color PurpleWater for Elephants, and The Bluest Eye, were challenged by the Indian River County chapter of the organization in Florida last fall.

Candidates for the Republican presidential nomination also have taken the organization up on the offer to speak to its members, most recently at last week’s Moms for Liberty Summit in Philadelphia. At the event, Governor Rick DeSantis called Gender Queer, a memoir by nonbinary writer Maia Kobabe, “hardcore pornography.” The book has been banned by over 50 districts recently, the most of any book in the country, according to Pen America.



Tuesday, August 06, 2019

White Nationalists Praise El Paso Attack and Mock the Dead

Check out this report by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).  

It's atrocious. Others' bloodshed—clearly not their own—is good sport and laughable, to boot.

It's totally depending on white people NOT standing up to this violence and here's the argument in a nutshell:


“Random violence is not detrimental to our cause, because we need to convince Americans that violence against nonwhites is desirable or at least not something worth opposing anyways, because there’s no way to remove a hundred million people without a massive element of violence,” Auernheimer wrote.

I repeat what I said in my previous post: "White leadership in all places and locations, clergy and non-clergy alike, need to stand up, in a consistent manner, with well-organized responses against these extremist forces of domestic terrorism that have already taken and shattered far too many lives.  

-Angela Valenzuela


White Nationalists Praise El Paso Attack and Mock the Dead










Thursday, December 06, 2018

For Texas Teachers: A Framework for Teaching American Slavery

As per my last post, America Is Racist. So What Do We Do Now? Activist Lawyer Bryan Stevenson Has Some Answers, you now know if you didn't already that the State Board of Education (SBOE) voted last November to change the way that our students will be learning about slavery, with slavery for the first time ever getting taught as playing a central role in the Civil War.  

It's hard to believe that this wasn't already a given, but we're Texas and often is regarded—and regards itself—a Southern state—in addition to a Southwestern one—primarily because we, too, had slavery and in particular, for parts of East Texas, share in a number of cultural characteristics with the South.


In any case, since beginning in Fall 2019 slavery will get taught correctly, teachers need materials and so this is a powerful curriculum out of the Southern Poverty Law Center below that you can draw from.  Consider taking your students, as well, on a field trip to Montgomery, Alabama to visit the The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, a lynching memorial that opened up this year on April 26, 2018.

But since none of this affects textbooks, I encourage you to engage your State Board of Education member and demand leadership on the board on this important history.  Note: if you don't know who represents you, you can find that out here.

Demand African American Studies.  Since April 11, 2018 (read my reflection on this here), we officially now have African American Studies on the books but it needs standards attached to it so that its actionable for teachers in the classroom—and also that books can be considered for adoption, too.  Demand Native American American Studies and Asian American Studies, too, as these are also now on the books, as well.

As the Reverend Martin Luther King once expressed, "The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice."  And it bends, my friends, because we bend it, individually and collectively, in ways big and small.
I really hope that Texas teachers consider using this resource and others in their social studies and ethnic studies classrooms and beyond.  Young people need to know this for college and it promises to make them better human beings.

-Angela Valenzuela


https://www.tolerance.org/frameworks/teaching-hard-history/american-slavery




A Framework for Teaching American Slavery

Most students leave high school without an adequate understanding of the role slavery played in the development of the United States—or how its legacies still influence us today. In an effort to remedy this, we developed a comprehensive guide for teaching and learning this critical topic at the middle and high school levels. (Scroll down to see the outline of the framework or to download the full document.)
Here are a few key elements of the framework and the accompanying resources:
Key Concepts and Summary Objectives  Important big ideas and critical content students must know to understand the historical significance of slavery. (Select the Summary Objectives below to see teaching suggestions and additional resources.)
Primary Source Texts  The Teaching Hard History Library features over 100 student-friendly sources, all with text-dependent questions.
Teaching Tools  Browse six sample Inquiry Design Models, based on The College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards.
Podcast  Hosted by Professor Hasan Jeffries, this series brings us the lessons we should have learned in school through the voices of leading scholars and educators.
Student Quiz  Use this 12-question quiz as a formative assessment.
Webinar  Join Professor Hasan Jeffries and former Teaching and Learning Specialist Lauryn Mascareñaz for this on-demand PD.
Printable Cards  Download and display these cards to let people know you have the courage to teach #HardHistory.


Key Concepts

  1. Slavery, which was practiced by Europeans prior to their arrival in the Americas, was important to all of the colonial powers and existed in all of the European North American colonies.
  2. Slavery and the slave trade were central to the development and growth of the economy across British North America and, later, the United States.
  3. Protections for slavery were embedded in the founding documents; enslavers dominated the federal government, Supreme Court and Senate from 1787 through 1860.
  4. “Slavery was an institution of power,” designed to create profit for the enslavers and break the will of the enslaved and was a relentless quest for profit abetted by racism.
  5. Enslaved people resisted the efforts of their enslavers to reduce them to commodities in both revolutionary and everyday ways.
  6. The experience of slavery varied depending on time, location, crop, labor performed, size of slaveholding and gender.
  7. Slavery was the central cause of the Civil War.
  8. Slavery shaped the fundamental beliefs of Americans about race and whiteness, and white supremacy was both a product and legacy of slavery.
  9. Enslaved and free people of African descent had a profound impact on American culture, producing leaders and literary, artistic and folk traditions that continue to influence the nation.
  10. By knowing how to read and interpret the sources that tell the story of American slavery, we gain insight into some of what enslaving and enslaved Americans aspired to, created, thought and desired. 

Pre-Colonial and Colonial Era (to 1763)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 1

Students will recognize that slavery existed around the world prior to the European settlement of North America.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 2

Students will be able to describe the slave trade from Africa to the Americas.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 3

Students will be able to discuss the labor and culture of enslaved people during the colonial era.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 4

Students will be able to demonstrate the impact of slavery on the economies of French, British and Spanish North America.

The American Revolution and the Constitution (1763-1787)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 5

Students will identify ways that slavery was a key component of the escalating conflicts between England and the North American colonies in the period from 1763 and 1776.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 6

Students will describe the ways African Americans participated in the Revolutionary War in support of both sides.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 7

Students will demonstrate the ways that the Constitution provided direct and indirect protection to slavery and imbued enslavers and the slave states with increased political power.

Slavery in the Early Republic (1787-1808)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 8

Students will examine the way the Revolutionary War affected the institution of slavery in the new nation. Students will examine the ways that slavery shaped domestic and foreign policy in the early Republic.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 9

Students will examine the rapid expansion of cotton slavery across the southern United States.

The Expansion of Slavery (1808-1848)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 10

Students will understand the contours of the domestic slave trade as part of the nation’s economic and geographic expansion.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 11

Students will be able to describe the principal ways the labor of enslaved people was organized and controlled in the antebellum United States.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 12

Students will understand the growth of the abolitionist movement in the 1830s and the slaveholding states' view of the movement as a physical, economic and political threat.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 13

Students will understand that enslaved people resisted slavery in ways that ranged from violence to smaller, everyday means of asserting their humanity and opposing the wishes and interests of their enslavers.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 14

Students will be able to discuss the culture of enslaved Americans and its impact on American culture in general.

The Sectional Crisis and Civil War (1848-1877)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 15

Students will examine the expansion of slavery as a key factor in the domestic and foreign policy decisions of the United States in the 19th century.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 16

Students will discuss the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln and the subsequent decision that several slave states made to secede from the Union to ensure the preservation and expansion of slavery.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 17

Students will examine the evolving Union policies concerning slavery and African-American military service and understand that the free black and enslaved communities affected the Civil War.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 18

Students will examine the ways that people who were enslaved claimed their freedom after the Civil War.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 19

Students will examine the ways that the federal government’s policies affected the lives of formerly enslaved people.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 20

Students will examine the ways that white Southerners attempted to define freedom for freedpeople.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 21

Students will examine the impact of the Compromise of 1877 and the removal of federal troops from the former Confederacy.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE 22

Students will examine the ways in which the legacies of slavery and of white supremacy continue to affect life in the United States.