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Showing posts with label University of Houston. Show all posts
Showing posts with label University of Houston. Show all posts

Wednesday, July 22, 2026

DOGEing the Curriculum: University of Houston may cut 40% of core requirement classes in response to GOP law

Friends:

This is staggering. University of Houston Professor Richard Armstrong is exactly right: the proposed removal of nearly 40 percent of UH’s core courses amounts to “DOGE-ing the core curriculum over the summer while nobody’s looking” (Ketterer, 2026).

Among the courses recommended for removal are Black Liberation Theology, Introduction to Women’s Studies, Introduction to LGBT Studies, Intro to Global Climate Change, Mexican American Urban Communities, Latino Leadership Activism and Organizing, Sexuality and Society, and Voices from Exile and Diaspora (Ketterer, 2026).

This is not routine curricular housekeeping. It is a politically driven narrowing of what Texas students will be encouraged—and, practically speaking, able—to learn.

The intention behind Senate Bill 37 authored by former Senator Andrew Creighton—who is now the president of Texas Tech University—could hardly be clearer. In the official statement of intent accompanying Sen. Brandon Creighton’s bill, SB 37 was described as an effort to address the “unchecked authority of faculty senates” (Texas Senate Research Center, 2025, para. 1). A subsequent House committee analysis reported that the bill’s sponsor was concerned about the “ideological direction of core curricula” and a perceived lack of accountability in faculty governance (Texas House Committee on Higher Education, 2025).

Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick was even more direct. He described SB 37 as unfinished business following what he called the largest “pushback against wokeness in higher education” in the nation’s history (Patrick, 2025b). This language leaves little doubt that SB 37 was not simply about efficiency, affordability, or workforce preparation. It was designed to shift control over knowledge away from faculty and toward politically appointed regents, administrators, and state officials.

This is where the relationship to Christian nationalism becomes important.

Christian nationalism is not synonymous with Christianity, Christian faith, Jesus, or religious devotion. It is a political movement that uses a particular interpretation of Christianity to claim authority over American identity, government, education, and public life. As Katherine Stewart (2020, 2025) has documented, this movement is sustained not by religious conviction alone, but by coordinated political organizations, wealthy donors, policy networks, and activists seeking the power to impose their vision on a pluralistic society.

Stewart’s (2012) earlier investigation of the Christian Right’s efforts to gain influence in public schools also reminds us that education has long been a central battleground in this movement’s struggle over whose values, histories, and forms of knowledge will receive public legitimacy.

I am not claiming that every legislator or administrator involved in SB 37 personally identifies as a Christian nationalist. I am arguing that the law’s purposes and consequences align closely with that broader political project.

The contrast is revealing. Texas political leaders have promoted the placement of the Ten Commandments in public-school classrooms as a “foundational moral compass” (Patrick, 2025a), while a public university considers removing Black Liberation Theology from its core curriculum. One expression of Christianity—aligned with state authority and a traditional national narrative—is elevated. Another—grounded in the experiences of oppressed communities and demanding racial justice—is marginalized.

That is not religious neutrality. It is the political selection of which religious ideas are considered legitimate.

The other vulnerable courses follow the same pattern. Women’s and LGBTQ Studies challenge prescribed gender and sexual hierarchies. Mexican American, Black, immigrant, and diaspora studies complicate the myth of an innocent and uniformly virtuous nation. Climate-change courses confront powerful economic interests and require students to reckon with collective responsibility. Courses on activism teach students that democracy involves participation, dissent, and organized struggle.

These subjects are not being questioned because they lack intellectual rigor. They are vulnerable because they challenge the racial, gendered, religious, economic, and national orthodoxies that this political movement seeks to protect.

SB 37 created the machinery for this purge by weakening faculty governance, elevating regental control, and redefining education through politically malleable concepts such as “foundational” knowledge, workforce preparation, and return on investment. UH may also be overcomplying with the law by demanding that every individual core course satisfy all of its criteria rather than evaluating the core curriculum as a whole (Ketterer, 2026).

The result will not be a stronger education. Students may face fewer choices, registration bottlenecks, delayed graduation, and diminished opportunities to encounter fields that awaken their intellectual interests and help them understand the diverse society in which they live.

What we are witnessing is most certainly a "DOGEing" of the curriculum, but the objective is not merely to reduce its size. It is to discipline knowledge—to make politically inconvenient courses less visible, less accessible, and eventually less viable.

The University of Houston—or should I say, the stakeholder community around it—should protest and halt this process, this rationing of education. Curriculum must be shaped through transparent, faculty-led deliberation grounded in disciplinary knowledge and educational evidence—not through fear of political retaliation from Austin.

This is not academic accountability.

It is political control over what students are permitted to know. 

How scandalous.

What a shame.

—Angela Valenzuela

References

Ketterer, S. (2026, July 21). University of Houston may cut 40% of core requirement classes in response to GOP law. See the list. Houston Chronicle. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/education/article/uh-core-curriculum-sb37-22352570.php

Patrick, D. (2025a, March 18). Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick statement on the passage of Senate Bill 10—Placing the Ten Commandments in schools. Office of the Lieutenant Governor. https://www.ltgov.texas.gov/2025/03/18/t-gov-dan-patrick-statement-on-the-passage-of-senate-bill-10-placing-the-ten-commandments-in-schools/

Patrick, D. (2025b, April 15). Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick statement on the passage of Senate Bill 37—Reforming faculty senates. Office of the Lieutenant Governor. https://www.ltgov.texas.gov/2025/04/15/lt-gov-dan-patrick-statement-on-the-passage-of-senate-bill-37-reforming-faculty-senates/

Stewart, K. (2012). The Good News Club: The Christian Right’s stealth assault on America’s children. PublicAffairs (Wikipedia, 2012).

Stewart, K. (2020). The power worshippers: Inside the dangerous rise of religious nationalism. Bloomsbury Publishing (Wikipedia, 2020).

Stewart, K. (2025). Money, lies, and God: Inside the movement to destroy American democracy. Bloomsbury Publishing (Wikipedia, 2025).

Texas House Committee on Higher Education. (2025). Bill analysis: Committee substitute for Senate Bill 37, 89th Legislature, Regular Session, Texas Legislature Online. https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/analysis/html/SB00037H.htm

Texas Senate Research Center. (2025, March 18). S.B. 37 bill analysis: As filed, 89th Legislature, Regular Session, Texas Legislature Online. https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/89R/analysis/html/SB00037I.htm


By ,Staff Writer

The Ezekiel W. Cullen Building on the campus of University of Houston on Thursday, Nov. 10, 

2022. Elizabeth Conley/Staff photographer


University of Houston administrators could slash almost 40% of the courses offered in the school’s core curriculum to comply with a new state law — including “Intro to Global Climate Change,” “Black Liberation Theology,” “Introduction to Women’s Studies” and “Introduction to LGBT Studies,” according to a list obtained by the Houston Chronicle.

If implemented, the changes would drastically reduce the general education options that undergraduates choose from as they work toward their degrees. The cuts would affect liberal arts departments the most, including professors who teach topics that high-ranking conservative lawmakers view as biased or “woke.”

Any courses that are removed from the core can still be taught, but they’re likely to be taken by a smaller number of students — meanwhile, some faculty fear that the remaining classes won’t have enough seats. Professors have criticized the process and say they were not meaningfully involved in these decisions until now as administrators seek their feedback for a final proposal that will go to the UH System Board of Regents in August.

“This is basically DOGE-ing the core curriculum over the summer while nobody's looking,” said Richard Armstrong, an associate professor of classical studies. “When you think about something that's been that carefully managed and curated, you wonder, why are we being reckless in cutting the offerings?”

READ MORE: A battle over workforce, 'indoctrination' is reshaping core curricula at Texas colleges

UH is among the dozens of institutions across the state assessing their core classes against the backdrop of a broader GOP push for more oversight on Texas’ public college campuses.

While every institution’s “core” looks different, they each include subject requirements and learning objectives set by the state, making up 42 credit hours, or 14 classes. The core has become hotly contested in recent years, as it indicates what every college graduate should know.

Lawmakers wrote Senate Bill 37 in 2025 to unravel what they view as left-leaning indoctrination in college classrooms. The new law didn’t explicitly ban topics but instead enacted four broad guidelines for core classes — such as being “foundational” for a sound education and “necessary” to prepare students for the workforce and civic life.

"The legislation demands real accountability from our institutions," the bill’s author, former state Sen. Brandon Creighton, R-Conroe, said in a statement as lawmakers sent it to Gov. Greg Abbott to sign. "Texas isn't just leading the conversation — we're setting the national standard for restoring academic integrity and accountability on college campuses."

So far, the responses of universities and colleges to the law have been varied. While UH has not issued any policies restricting topics — as the Texas A&M and Texas Tech university systems have done — some UH faculty have been wary.

ACROSS TEXAS: A&M alumni warn politics is changing campus leadership

In a move that some UH professors viewed as a threat to academic freedom and a precursor to further changes, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Dean Dan O’Connor asked faculty early this spring to sign a memo affirming that they don’t “indoctrinate” while teaching.

The official SB37 review began later, when a working group of nine professors across UH’s academic colleges drafted the recommendations over five “extended” meetings, according to university documents. This month, Provost Diane Z. Chase shared the findings with faculty and opened a feedback form, which closes Tuesday.

Otherwise, the university has disclosed little about the group’s process, beyond sharing the results and giving faculty copies of the guiding questions used to judge courses against the state’s criteria.

UH’s chapter of the American Association of University Professors, a group that advocates for academic freedom, said that the committee was sworn to secrecy, and that UH general counsel Dona Cornell attended all of the meetings.

When reached by the Houston Chronicle for comment, UH officials said the SB37 review is ongoing and declined to answer a series of questions about the process.

"As part of this process, the UH Core Curriculum Working Group evaluated all core courses using a consistent evaluation framework,” said a statement released by the university. “Based on that framework, the working group prepared draft recommendations, which have been provided to faculty for feedback. These recommendations are just one step in a broader review process and do not represent final decisions. The university leadership will evaluate the recommendations, which must ultimately be approved by UH System Board of Regents."

What could go

The working group suggested taking about 100 courses out of the core and keeping almost 160 others, according to a document summarizing the proposed changes.

While some courses involving politically divisive issues were on the list — like LGBT Studies and climate change — the cuts don’t appear to target race studies as a whole, as “African American Studies” and “Introduction to Latino Cultural Studies” would remain in the core while “Black Liberation Studies” and “Mexican American Urban Communities” were recommended to be removed.

Some courses on the chopping block involve topics exploring political differences, like “Left, Right and Center.” Others concern movements and social change, like “Latino Leadership Activism and Organizing,” “Sexuality and Society,” “Social Class and Mobility in America” and “Voices from Exile and Diaspora.”

But no history or government classes were flagged, sparing courses that focus on histories for specific demographics, including Chicanos, women, Latinos and African Americans.

UH’s members of the AAUP, the faculty union, said the university violated “basic principles of transparency, faculty participation, and fairness” in the review, according to a letter sent to UH President Renu Khator and other administrators on Monday.

They have urged the university to halt the review process.

“This lack of transparency and the exclusion of the vast majority of faculty from the process, should these cuts to the curriculum be upheld, undermines the education UH students will receive,” according to the group’s letter. “A wider range of foundational courses opens up more opportunities for our students to pursue a meaningful and effective college education, setting them up for greater success in graduate work, professional schools, and the workforce.”

They also say that UH overcomplied in following SB37. The group interprets the law as requiring the university’s core in its entirety to meet the state’s four criteria, while UH tasked the working group with ensuring that each individual course meets all four criteria.

The courses on the list also include several that don't touch on political, cultural or social topics.

Rebecca Forrest, an instructional professor in the department of physics, said she was shocked to open the recommendations and see her “Advanced Laboratory 1” course on the list. She has offered it since she created the class 20 years ago, helping physics students learn to convey complicated material and satisfy a core requirement called “Writing in the Disciplines.”

She deems the course essential for the workforce, and believes it meets the criteria of SB 37. To reach more physics students in the future, her department will need to alter its degree plan to require it outside of the core, she said.

“This is doing a disservice to students,” Forrest said. “They won't be well prepared to enter the workplace or graduate school.”

Largely, faculty members critical of the process argue that they have the pedagogical expertise and knowledge of learning objectives to back up their curricular decisions, and they say they’ve previously gone through rigorous processes to ensure that their core courses met state standards. Those processes were upended after SB37 disbanded faculty senates – which led prior curricular reviews – and allowed colleges to replace them with smaller advisory councils that are more limited in function.

INSTRUCTION: AI use at colleges has become a ‘minefield’ of rules, confusion

“We are the closest to the students,” Armstrong said. “We are interacting with them all the time, far more than the administration, and we have to create material that really works, that does achieve the goals that we're setting out – pedagogically but also connects to their interests, energizes them.”

Effects on students

People walk across the University of Houston campus near the UH Student Center in Houston, Monday, Oct. 27, 2025.Brett Coomer/Houston Chronicle

By forcing students at a growing university to compete for a more limited number of courses, Forrest, Armstrong and others worry that students will experience a bottleneck at registration and face delayed graduation times.

Other ripple effects are possible. The core is known to draw students to departments – even helping them minor in areas that are known to have smaller numbers of majors.

If their courses are available to fewer students, some professors fear class enrollments will drop further.

UH: Board drops religious studies as major due to low enrollment

Five of the six core courses offered by the classical studies department were recommended for removal, according to the working group’s list. The creative writing department’s only offering in the core was “Creation and the Performance of Literature,” which could now be cut.

“Students find core courses that interest them, that broaden their experience and their education in society,” Forrest said. “All of that makes for more well-rounded students that are better prepared for whatever profession they choose to go into.”



Saturday, March 16, 2024

UH education professor suspends course in protest of HISD's rigid lessons

This is scandalous, my friends. University of Houston Distinguished Professor Alberto Rodriguez calls foul in the preparation of science educators in HISD and the response by the university is not only disappointing but also over the top by threatening this distinguished professor's tenure who is speaking truth to power. Check out this Click2Houston video where he expressed well the problem and the ethics behind his decision to discontinue sending pre-service teachers into the school district.

One doesn't have to dig too deeply into the news to learn just how punishing HISD Superintendent Mike Miles' scripted curriculum is on students and teachers. There have been protests about this. Check out the pages of Houston Community Voices for Public Education to get a solid accounting of what's up in what used to be HISD but which has been taken over by Miles' education management organization called the New Education System (NES)/Third Future Schools. Also check out this earlier blog post on the matter for more information: Welcome to the Houston's No longer Independent  School District. Bilingual Education and Special Education are also on the rocks. See People's Report of HISD takeover at State Board of Ed, as well as Support for Houston ISD’s Spanish speakers has dwindled under state-appointed leader, parents say. Considering the accumulating evidence, Professor Rodriguez is not at all out of line with respect to his assessment of Miles' science curriculum.

It's true to form in an authoritarian regime, regardless, that the school district's spokesman, Jose Irizarry, responds to this outing of the science curriculum by Dr. Rodriguez by deciding to gaslight the Houston community. He states that the curriculum amounts to "high-quality instruction and curriculum" when nothing could be further from the truth. Don't drink the Kool-aid, my friends. And let's protect tenure. This is exactly what tenure allows one to do, to talk back to the corporation and call out injustice. Schools should never be used to organize principal, teacher, and student disaffection and failure. 

Moreover, let's not participate in our own miseducation in our understanding of freedom. By this, I mean that we should not be comfortable with conditions like those called out by Dr. Rodriguez. We need to take back our power, beginning with advocating for a quality public education that honors our communities' and students' right to one. We must not become apathetic about this.

Along with the accreditation agencies that require quality, research-based best practices in the preparation of future educators, the Houston community would do well to stand solidly behind this professor. Too many people's lives and well-being are at stake, as is the future of our democracy.

-Angela Valenzuela

By 

A University of Houston education professor stopped teaching his course last week in protest of his student teachers' placements in Houston ISD schools, where he said the "scripted curriculum" used in HISD classes made it impossible for them to complete their assignments. 

Alberto Rodriguez, a distinguished professor of science education at the University of Houston College of Education, informed students in his "Science in the Elementary School II" course of the decision in a Feb. 14 email.

"I regret to inform you that I am suspending my teaching of this course in protest of the impossible school placements to which some of you have been assigned," Rodriguez wrote. "I feel it is unethical and unprofessional for me to continue teaching this course when you have been placed in school settings that make it very challenging for you to complete field-based assignments as expected in the effective preparation of teachers." 


University of Houston spokeswoman Shawn Lindsey said the college immediately assigned another faculty member, who teaches the other section of the course, to Rodriguez's class, ensuring the course continued uninterrupted. Lindsey declined to say whether Rodriguez, who is tenured at the university, would face any disciplinary action, saying they do not comment on personnel matters. 

"As districts across the state and nation have moved to varying degrees of curriculum autonomy, our teacher education program works to ensure our student-teachers gain valuable, authentic classroom experiences," Lindsey said. "We teach our student-teachers to work within a district’s curriculum guidelines just as they would in the real world, and our student-teachers remain able to practice skills a successful teacher needs — such as keeping students engaged, checking for understanding and adapting as needed."

Students in the "Science in the Elementary School II" course, all of whom are seniors, receive student teaching assignments at schools in the Houston, Cypress-Fairbanks and Spring Branch school districts, which they rank in order of preference. 

Rodriguez said the spread of highly structured lessons that may include word-for-word scripts for teachers is a "national issue" that is not isolated to HISD. But this semester, roughly a dozen students placed at HISD schools were complaining to him, sometimes in tears, that the rigid expectations imposed under state-appointed Superintendent Mike Miles made it difficult for them to complete their assignments for his course.

 

Among other directives, Miles expects teachers to use timers during their lessons, engage in "multiple response strategies" roughly every four minutes and, at schools in his New Education System, administer daily quizzes, while school administrators and district officials go from room to room to monitor their work.

One key assignment in Rodriguez's course involved developing a lesson plan for students to teach in March or April, which would go through a series of revisions in Rodriguez's course before being delivered to children. Rodriguez's students at HISD, however, told him they were unable to plan that far ahead because the lead classroom teachers themselves did not know what they would be teaching at that point — the "script" had not yet been posted online. 

Rodriguez said such constraints violated accreditation standards developed by the Association for Advancing Quality in Educator Preparation (AAQEP) and the Texas State Board of Educator Certification (SBEC), both of which require education students to be able to effectively lesson plan, among other things.

"They are being placed in schools that are following a scripted curriculum that totally contradicts everything that we're talking about in class," Rodriguez said. "There's no way you can make science inclusive and relevant to all students — especially students of color or bilingual students — when you have a teacher that is not allowed to carry out their craft." 

Representatives for the AAQEP and the Texas Education Agency, which oversees the SBEC, did not return a request for comment. The University of Houston noted that its education program is fully accredited by both bodies. 

Houston ISD spokesman Jose Irizarry, in a statement, said district leaders are "pleased that UH has identified an experienced professor to take over the course so that student teachers can continue their work in our schools, where they are seeing how high-quality instruction and curriculum lead to academic growth and gains in student performance." 

Rodriguez said he approached College of Education Dean Catherine Horn, University Chancellor Renu Khator and Provost Diane Chase with his concerns, and that Horn was the only person to respond, arguing that the university could not control the actions of its partners and asking him to continue teaching the course and making arrangements for his students like everybody else. 

The response disappointed Rodriguez, who said he'd hoped the university might try to work with HISD to reach a compromise. 

"That doesn't sound like much of a partnership to me. Partners don't watch teachers being pushed off a cliff and then just kind of look the other way," Rodriguez said. "You try to engage in conversations with school district officials to provide space for our students to practice what they're learning in the classroom."

Horn deferred comment to the University of Houston press office.

"We have found that all of our district partners are willing to work with us so our teacher candidates can complete their certification requirements, including teaching lessons for formal observations," Lindsey said. "In cases where a student-teacher is concerned about their school experience, our faculty work with campus leadership to make adjustments or, in rare cases, move placements."

The professor's future with the university is uncertain. The science education course was the only one he taught this semester, and though he is still engaged in a variety of research projects at the university, he no longer has access to his class files on Canvas, the learning management software used by the University of Houston. 

"I don't know what the next step is on their side, but I'm going to continue pursuing this because I feel like I cannot just sit by as the new generation of teachers are not well prepared," Rodriguez said. 


Sam González Kelly is an education reporter for the Houston Chronicle covering the Houston Independent School District. He can be reached at sam.kelly@houstonchronicle.com.

A Chicago native, Sam joined the Chronicle in 2021 to cover marginalized communities after two years covering breaking news at the Chicago Sun-Times. Sam has a bachelor's degree from Pomona College.


Sunday, February 25, 2024

Dr. Gerald Horne commentary on Chris Hedges article: "The Collapse of US Media is Accelerating Our Political Crisis"

 Friends,

Listen to this warning by renowned University of Houston historian, Dr. Gerald Horne, speaks on the demise of public media. He responds to Chris Hedges who wrote the following:

"The collapse of U.S. media is accelerating our political crisis a third of all U.S. newspapers have permanently closed. The industry is hemorrhaging reporters and private equity and big tech are to blame."

The news media has found it difficult to compete with big tech, soaking up advertising dollars previously available to them. I can only imagine how this is impacting Journalism Departments in our colleges and universities nationwide.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is another threat that Dr. Horne maintains threatens jobs for reporters, lawyers, and computer code writers. In short, traditional media, including CNN and NPR, are at enormous risk. Traditional media also often align with neocons and neoliberals, for example, their its lack of support, if not actual collusion, against labor. Dr. Horne expresses that the mainstream press is clearly often about the "massaging of our consciousness" rather than reporting the actual news, citing news on Ukraine and Gaza. A lot to unpack here.

My connection to this in the current moment is a lack of attention in the press to the harmfulness of school and district takeovers by Education Management Organizations (EMOs) like Superintendent Mike Moses' The New Education System (NES)" in Houston, Texas. Takeovers are happening in and to various other Texas school districts amounting to a de-democratization of public education. There are some reports, but not enough in my view. Not quite hearing sufficient outcry other than a few select voices. Our communities are therefore at risk without local news, boots on the ground, and ethical reporting.

The lack of a free and honest press is abundantly consequential.

-Angela Valenzuela

Saturday, January 07, 2023

Too Far Afield for a Dean of Social Work at the University of Houston?

The senior faculty guard at the University of Houston School of Social Work took it upon themselves to push out their social justice dean. As stated by this former School of Social Work Dean Alan Dettlaff, it will most definitely have a chilling effect on scholars like him that value racial justice and abolitionist work in the academy.

This story makes me wonder whether the senior faculty actually do not know what abolition means today—a problem that Dr. Dettlaff cites—or whether they actually did know but disapproved. 

Abolitionism is a word and concept that begins in the academy that holds resonance for lots of folks outside of the academy primarily, I think, because it addresses root causes of inequality.

Lest we reinscribe oppression, abolition assumes a stance of assessing harmful systems with the idea of replacing them with one that humanizes and serves everybody fairly and equitably. As long as our focus is on quick policy fixes, we're not addressing root causes.

In the area of high-stakes testing, I have always said that eliminating high-stakes tests is not a policy fix even at its best—should we ever arrive at the day that we abolish them and we very well might. Rather, we have to also attend to the underlying value structure that allows us to even conceive that it's okay to lose some kids and not others. 

Why can we not make a world where failure is more mythic than real. Why can we not make a world with no "dropouts?" In this world, it's not whether a student graduates from high school, but when. One could even graduate early if they were so motivated. In a word, this is abolitionism—and a world that I dream of under any name.

A final thought. Given that abolitionism was an apparent draw for many students to the college, this decision to send Dr. Dettlaff back to the faculty ranks will most definitely not set well with them. All else equal, he is quite admirable. 

It's all pretty devastating to think about. Leaders like him are far and few between. One sees why.

-Angela Valenzuela 


University of Houston pushes its dean of social work back

down to the faculty. He says some professors objected to his 

views on racial justice and abolition.

 
January 6, 2023 | Inside HigherEd
Alan Dettlaff, a Mexican American man with short hair wearing a business suit and tie.
Alan Dettlaff
 
(Alan Dettlaff/Twitter)

The University of Houston suddenly removed its dean of social work last month. The university has said it did so to better align the Graduate College of Social Work with broader institutional priorities. The former dean, Alan Dettlaff—who is returning to the social work faculty, for now—says his views on racial justice got him fired.

“I’ve said many times, one of the things I’m most proud as dean is that we were focused as a school on racial justice before summer 2020, when a lot of people started to come on board and develop programming and messaging around that—we’ve been focused on that for a long time,” Dettlaff told Inside Higher Ed of the college’s orientation during his seven-year tenure.

Continue reading here.