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Showing posts with label Mexican indigeneity. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mexican indigeneity. Show all posts

Wednesday, January 17, 2024

"The Secret Behind the so-called "Hispanic Health Paradox" by Angela Valenzuela, Ph.D.

Friends,

I'm re-posting this 2018 post to this blog titled, "The Secret Behind the so-called "Hispanic Paradox," a topic that I've followed over the years. I thought about it because of a piece I just came across in the Daily Texan titled, "Rice professor speaks on the health advantages of Latin American immigrants" which was unfortunately not too informative. What did stick out for me in that piece though is that the U.S. is deporting the healthiest Mexicans and Latinos in the U.S. population. That makes abundant sense to me and works against the ideal of a healthy workforce. Relatedly also read, In US, Hispanics outlive whites, blacks by years.

In the spirit of sharing and adding depth and context to this, I am happy to impart this blog post that I think gets to the heart of the phenomenon of the "Hispanic health paradox" that research has found.

Another way to think about this is that assimilation—and the globalization of the American high-calorie, high-sugar diet—is terrible for your health and that we are best served by our ancestors' excellent and truly delicious diet. In short, we must decolonize our diets not just as Latina/o/x people, but as society as a whole.

Enjoy!

-Angela Valenzuela


My aunt, "tía Brenda," from the mountains of Guerrero located in Southern Mexico just shared with me that the Indigenous people there eat tacos daily made of "pitija," "chipíl," and "guaje," with avocado and either a green chile or with a green chile salsa on corn tortilla that is delicious and good for the body. She said that native people there where she lives rarely get ill and that they live for many years.

I never heard of these ingredients. Not even sure if I heard or spelled "pitija," "chipíl," or "guaje," correctly. I got the impression that these were some combination of fruit, a type of bean, and herbs that grow in the region. (Please feel free to let me know by posting a reply on my blog below.) She promised to take me to eat a taco with her sometime, saying that they're truly satisfying and delicious.

She spoke to me about all of this in the context of a discussion on poverty and nutrition and how she thinks that so many of the maladies that she is seeing there in México, especially with the young, have to do with nutrition ("alimentación"), or a lack thereof.

The conversation made her free associate to the good, healthy food that native people in the area eat and how it preserves and maintains them.

Our conversation reminded me of a book titled, "Decolonize Your Diet,"  authored by  Luz Calvo and Catriona Rueda Esquibel.  Do check out this website for resources on how to do this. 

I covered this book on August 20, 2016 in a post titled, "Scientists unlock a secret to Latinos' longevity, with hopes of slowing aging for everyone.  

Captivating title, right?

Don't we all want to know the secret?!

// Drum roll. Drumbeat. 🥁 //

According to Dr. Steve Horvath, a bioinformatician at the University of California Los Angeles:
“It suggests that what gives Hispanics their advantage is really their Native American ancestry, because they share ancestry with these indigenous Americans.”
My tía was spot on this afternoon.

We all need to decolonize our diets, my friends. A K'iche’ friend of mine from Guatemala put it to me this way, "Eat food that you can breath through—or that can breathe through you."  Today, I subject a lot of food that I eat to that simple test.  

Do they eat or drink dairy or eat cheese? I asked my tía, as I downed my protein drink with whey in it.  "No," she said.  "None of that.  It's all from the ground—fresh, natural, and nutritious."

I thought that might be her answer.  
"At least my drink is watery," I told myself, slightly embarrassed by my own question.  

Oh well...thought I'd ask.

So, much "food for thought" this evening. 
😊

For an interesting read and other links, do read my thoughts and comments on the piece I link to herein.

I find indigeneity all so very interesting and very often, downright life-saving.

Angela Valenzuela
c/s

Wednesday, October 07, 2020

Romantizar las resistencias Indígenas también es discriminación

Racism takes on many forms. Whether it be "the Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, the emergence of the police communities and autonomous governments in Guerrero and Michoacán, or the emergence of Indigenous movements in several South American countries, among others," one should not assume knowledge about other Indigenous communities that have a different story to tell.

Much wisdom. So true. 

-Angela Valenzuela

Romantizar las resistencias Indígenas también es discriminación

September 30, 2020













Por Emiliano Gómez Izaguirre

Como integrantes de un pueblo originario en el Sur de México (el Pueblo Mixteco o Ñuu Savi), y en estos años que llevamos ya como educadores y comunicadores comunitarios de nuestra región, una de las dificultades más comunes y poco discutidas que nos ha tocado enfrentar a varias compañeras y compañeros ha sido la romantización de nuestros procesos de resistencia comunitarios, lo cual se ha dado por parte de activistas, comunicadores, académicos, organizaciones y compañeros de otras latitudes.

¿En qué consiste esta romantización de las resistencias de los Pueblos Indígenas? Contrario a la conocida romantización de la pobreza, un discurso que premia o reconoce a quienes afrontan su pobreza sin atacar sus causas estructurales, la romantización de los Pueblos Originarios y de sus luchas es un discurso fundado en un estereotipo, un cliché con el que se invisibiliza la enorme pluralidad de formas de resistencia, simplificando o inscribiendo el concepto de resistencia Indígena a un muy limitado conjunto de características.

Entre esas características se halla la idea o el prejuicio de que las comunidades Indígenas estamos siempre en una clara oposición al Estado y al capital por el sólo hecho de ser Indígenas, o que por nombrarnos (o ser nombrados) como un Pueblo Originario nos hallamos aislados o alejados de la hegemonía cultural de Occidente; al igual que de fenómenos como la globalización o el neoliberalismo. Incluso, con la pandemia causada por el COVID-19, se ha difundido el mito de que los Pueblos Indígenas estamos venciendo al coronavirus gracias a nuestras formas históricas de organización, invisibilizando el hecho de que también hay comunidades que están siendo devastadas por este virus o por sus efectos sociales y económicos.

Esta romantización de nuestras resistencias y nuestra vida en general no es casual, y parece provenir de una lectura superficial y determinista de algunos acontecimientos que han sacudido a México y al mundo entero en las últimas décadas: la rebelión zapatista en Chiapas, el surgimiento de policías comunitarias y gobiernos autónomos en Guerrero y Michoacán, o la emergencia de movimientos Indígenas en varios países de Sudamérica, entre otros. 

En resumen, se trata de un discurso que reduce la inmensa pluralidad de luchas y resistencias Indígenas a un conjunto particular de actores y sujetos que han figurado internacionalmente como opositores a políticas de despojo y de explotación capitalista en varias regiones y países. Dichas políticas existen también e indudablemente en la región del Pueblo Ñuu Savi, pero no con las mismas características o la misma intensidad que en un estado como Chiapas o Michoacán (en el caso de México), o en países como Bolivia y Ecuador.

En ese sentido, si bien es un hecho que la lógica del capital es la misma en todo el mundo, las estrategias de despojo y de acumulación capitalista varían dependiendo de la región en que nos encontremos, así como de la historia y cultura de cada pueblo y cada comunidad. Por ello, las estrategias de resistencia al despojo o a otros agravios de una comunidad zapatista en Chiapas o de una organización Indígena en un país como Bolivia o Ecuador, por ejemplo, no han sido ni serán necesariamente idénticas a las que despliega una comunidad Ñuu Savi. 

A pesar de que esas diferencias entre pueblos y experiencias parecen obvias, es curioso que no dejan de ser muchas las compañeras y compañeros que alentados por esta visión romántica de lo Indígena y lo comunitario, acuden entusiasmados a conocer y participar en procesos político-comunitarios, con el afán de encontrar o desarrollar un proceso organizativo con una súbita definición política frente al Estado, el capital o la occidentalización de la vida. Esta búsqueda ha terminado en más de una ocasión, en la frustración y/o el abandono de dichos procesos, por muy valiosa que sea la experiencia forjada en ellos, al no haber podido reproducir una experiencia idéntica o similar a la de los Municipios Autónomos Zapatistas en Chiapas o a la de organizaciones Indígenas como las que integran la CONAIE en Ecuador, por poner dos ejemplos conocidos en Latinoamérica. 

No es difícil suponer que casos similares a los vividos en el Pueblo Ñuu savi se repiten en otras partes del mundo, conduciendo probablemente al abandono de varios proyectos organizativos o de resistencia, los cuales, más allá del éxito o el fracaso que se puede calificar en ellos –y desde un punto de vista pedagógico- no dejan nunca de ser útiles para discutir, entender y emprender esfuerzos conjuntos para la defensa de la vida, la tierra y el territorio. 

En nuestra radio comunitaria, por ejemplo, esta idea romántica de la lucha y la resistencia Indígena ha acarreado varios desencuentros entre el trabajo que ha venido realizando hasta hoy la Radio Comunitaria Ñuu Dee; hay quienes buscan emprender o desarrollar un proceso político como si nuestras comunidades se encontraran bajo el asedio violento y encarnizado de agentes del Estado, de alguna empresa transnacional o de alguna organización delictiva. 

A diferencia de comunidades como Cherán en Michoacán, el municipio de Sacamch'en en Chiapas, o los pueblos del Yasuni y la Amazonía que se oponen a la explotación de su territorio en Sudamérica, nuestras comunidades Ñuu savi nos hablan de problemas, necesidades o urgencias que no demandan necesariamente la desaparición del Estado o de la autoridad local, incluso, en algunos casos lo que se exige es la comparecencia de ambos para dar respuesta a esos problemas y a esas necesidades, de tal forma que mucha de la resistencia comunitaria (en la que nuestra radio participa activamente) se traduce justamente en eso: no dejar que los gobiernos (federal, estatal o municipal) pasen por alto sus deudas y responsabilidades históricas con nosotras y nosotros, las siempre olvidadas y olvidados en la historia de este gran país llamado México.

Por todo lo anterior, resulta indispensable y necesario que antes de cualquier cosa se ponga oído a la voz propia de nuestras comunidades, y lo que decimos de nuestras formas o estrategias de resistencia, de lo que buscamos o perseguimos, sin prejuicios ni falsas expectativas, asumiendo un respeto pleno y cabal como hermanas y hermanos, como compañeras y compañeros. Debemos hacernos escuchar, más allá de que lo que se oiga o lo que se vea, aunque no encaje con una particular visión del mundo, o deje insatisfecho política e ideológicamente a más de uno; de lo contrario, además de seguir enfrentando el racismo y la violencia estructural de una elite o clase acomodada, seguiremos viéndonos discriminados ante visiones puristas y románticas de la resistencia Indígena y comunitaria.

--Emiliano Gómez Izaguirre, Se'e Ñuu savi (hijo del pueblo de la lluvia) del Municipio de la Heroica Ciudad de Huajuapan, Oaxaca, Mexico. Cursó la Licenciatura en Ciencias Políticas por la UNAM y la Maestría en Comunicación y Política por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Unidad Xochimilco. Fue integrante del Centro de Apoyo Comunitario Trabajando Unidos (CACTUS). Actual coordinador de Radio Comunitaria Ñuu Dee en Huajuapan, Oaxaca.

Fotos por Emiliano Gómez.


 

Monday, October 14, 2019

Dr. Bernardo Gallegos, A Remembrance on Indigenous People's Day















Today, on Indigenous People's Day, I express my condolences to the family of my dear, departed friend and colleague, Dr. Bernardo Gallegos, an outstanding scholar whose work, I feel, has never gotten the attention it deserves. He passed away peacefully last week in his home.

I encourage you to read his work that addresses Indigeneity and education, including his autobiographical writings from his experiences growing up in New Mexico as a Genizaro.

Dr. Gallegos spoke to my class a couple of years ago on his powerful autobiography that had just gotten published at the time, Postcolonial Indigenous Performances: Coyote Musings on Genízaros, Hybridity, Education, and Slavery (2017). Appearing below is a notice of his funeral services to be held in California this weekend.

Thank you for your friendship and for being an inspiration to so many, myself included, through your outstanding contributions to scholarship. Thank you for sharing and theorizing of your numerous life stories that always seemed to track back to your youth and the fountain of insights related to having grown up as a Genizaro, nourishing your powerful intellect and generous heart and spirit.

A number of his other publications appear below. May you rest in peace, my friend. What a difference you made and will continue to make in the world.

-Angela Valenzuela


Dr. Bernardo Gallegos
Publications

Gallegos, B. P.. (2018). Reflections on the Social Foundations of Education. Educational Studies, 54(1): 55-62.

Gallegos, B. P.. (2016). Education and Indigenous Slavery in New Mexico. American Educational History Journal, 43(1): 16. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (2015). Sixteenth Century Indigenous Scholars of El Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlaltelolco. Professing Education, 10(1)

Gallegos, B. P.. (2012). The Education of Hummingbird Boy. The Sophists Bane: A Journal of the Society of Professors of Education., 6(1)

Gallegos, B. P.. (2017). Postcolonial Indigenous Performances: Coyote Musings on Genízaros, Hybridity, Education, and Slavery. Postcolonial Indigenous Performances: Coyote Musings on Genízaros, Hybridity, Education, and Slavery. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (2010). Handbook of Research in Social Foundations of Education. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (2004). Performance Theories and Education, Power, Pedagogy, and the Politics of Identity. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (2003). Indigenous Education in the Americas: Diasporic Identities, Epistemologies, & Postcolonial Spaces, Special Issue: Educational Studies Journal. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (1991). Literacy, Education, and Society in Colonial New Mexico, 1693 to 1821. 

Gallegos, B. (2010). Introduction: Globalization, Institutions, and Power. Handbook of Research in Social Foundations of Education. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (2010). Curriculum Studies in Relation to the Field of Educational Foundations. Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies. 5. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (2010). Subaltern Curriculum Studies. Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies. 7. 

Gallegos, B. P.. (2010). "Dancing the Comanches", The Santo Nino, La Virgen (of Guadalupe) and the Genizaro Indians of New Mexico. Indigenous Symbols and Practices in the Catholic Church. 24.

Monday, August 27, 2018

Meet the Women Poets Preserving Indigenous Languages in Mexico

“When you lose a language, you lose a whole culture."

Meet the Women Poets Preserving Indigenous Languages in Mexico 


August 26, 2018

Mexico’s culture ministry recognises 68 indigenous languages – although some experts say there are more than 100 spoken in the North American country.
Today, dozens of these languages are at risk of extinction – with battles to stop this being waged on multiple fronts. One of these is literary – with indigenous women among those preserving their languages through poetry and storytelling.
Celerina Patricia Sánchez Santiago is part of the Alliance for Indigenous Women in Central America and Mexico (ALIANZA) network strengthening the voices of indigenous women and their participation in feminist movements.
Preserving indigenous languages is “important to understanding who you are, to then understand the world, and to be a part of it,” says Sánchez, a linguist and indigenous rights activist from San Juan Mixtepec, in Oaxaca.
Sánchez speaks and writes poetry in Tu’un ñuu savi, the language of the Ñuu savi (‘the people of rain’), about her community’s culture, women’s lives, discrimination, resistance, and the multicultural composition of Mexican society.
In 2013, she published “Inií ichí” (‘the essence of the path’), a compilation of her poetry in Tu’un ñuu savi and Spanish.
“When you lose a language, you lose a whole culture,” adds Ana Chino Miguel, who is also from Oaxaca. She has written a children’s book as well as other teaching material in Zapoteco, the indigenous language she speaks.
“This is what we have to do, those of us who are aware of how valuable all of the languages in the world are,” Miguel said in Mexico City, where she lives. “Ours is also a language, but a lot of people discriminate against it and say it is a dialect.”
Over the years, she told me, elders’ customs have been forgotten. She said that she wanted not only to teach members of younger generations how to read their language but also to introduce them to these traditions.
“Raising awareness amongst children and young people, the culture will then be valued, with its craftsmanship, everything that constitutes a culture.”
More than 7 million people in Mexico (roughly seven in every 100 of the country’s inhabitants) speak at least one or more of these languages.
Mexico is one of the world’s countries with the most indigenous languages, according to government authorities – and second in Latin America after Brazil.
In 2014, as many as 60 of these languages in Mexico were considered at risk of extinction, according to the public Centre of Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology, with 21 of these classified as ‘critically endangered.’
“In this world, even science has confirmed that diversity enriches our lives,” Sánchez told me: “So let us fight to be more diverse, to be different.”

Monday, October 09, 2017

Are Mexicans Indigenous? by Roberto Rodriguez

Such an interesting and profound question that Dr. Roberto Rodriguez asks.  It gets at the depths of one's being.

To this question—and what I would hope would be a conversation to have with those you trust—I would add a recent discovery of mine in talking to a former student, Dr. Olmo Freire, who lives and teaches today in Guadalajara, Mexico.  You see, our continent wasn't always called "America" or "the Americas," even if that's what we've all grown up to believe.

Indeed, nearly everything you find on the web refers to Amerigo Vespucci and his impact as a cartologist on the naming of the American continent that is even referred to as its "original name."

Its little-known pre-conquest, pre-Columbian name was "Abya Yala," from the Kuna language.  Abya Yala means "land of vital blood" and "land in its full maturity."

To be sure, today's "America" had so many other names, but this one has survived.  Repeat it several times in a row to get a full sense of its beauty and poetics.  

At first, it sounded to me like children's play language, "Ubbi Dubbi," and recalled learning somewhere in my former life as a sociolinguist about the a-b and a-p combinations as among children's first vocalizations.  The "A-B-Cs"—and why they're called the "ABCs" would seem to fit this reasoning, as well.  

I have a recent memory of my grandson's first utterance of the first few letters of the alphabet and can't remember too many things more precious or divine than that moment.  It still brings tears to my eyes just thinking about it.  Parents and grandparents of little ones can surely connect to this as these soft, tender utterances equate to the building blocks of language.  

Also, sense the vocalic alliteration and how the name, "Abya Yala," rolls off the tonge.  I like thinking that "Abya Yala" was among children's first spoken words thousands of years ago—and perhaps even today among the Kuna of Panama.

Back to Dr. Rodriguez' question, "Are Mexicans Indigenous?"  

While the genetic answer is "yes," the answer to this question is deeply personal and profound.  After all, we are all products of our own socialization experiences growing up—even if we morph and change throughout our lifetimes in terms of our own identities.

As for myself, I have only grown and deepened as a wife, mother, grandmother, community member, teacher, and scholar by engaging the complex mestizaje or indigeneity to which my DNA attests.  It will no doubt always be an endless journey and exploration simply because I find it to be so fulfilling and liberating.

Abya Yala, my friends.  We are one America!  Spread the word!

Angela Valenzuela
c/s

#AbyaYala

Are Mexicans Indigenous?

Sunday, October 08, 2017 By Roberto Rodriguez, Truthout | Op-Ed

A dancer in Aztec clothing dances in Los Angeles, California, July 19, 2009. (Photo: Jorge Gonzalez)A dancer in Aztec clothing dances in Los Angeles, California, July 19, 2009. (Photo: Jorge Gonzalez)
As many US states and municipalities have begun to eschew the colonial tradition of "Columbus Day" in favor of adopting Monday's holiday as "Indigenous Peoples' Day," one might wonder where people of Mexican heritage fit in.
For some, this is a controversial question due to hundreds of years of mestizaje, or mixture, and also due to hundreds of years of colonialism and colonized thinking. For others, this is not controversial at all, because with few European women brought to this continent, the mixture was not co-equal and consensual, and thus, most Mexicans essentially remain Indigenous or are de-Indigenized peoples as a result of colonization.
All answers are complex because the category of mestizo/mestiza is actually a non-scientific term born of a racial caste system of exploitation, designed primarily not as a racial descriptor, but to deprive people of their full human rights. If it were simply a racial designation, in all likelihood, most Mexicans would be considered mestizo or Indigenous; in Canada, a metis or person of "mixed-blood" is considered a First Nations person. In Mexico, very few Mexicans are considered "white."
One of the primary answers also gives us a clue as to why Mexicans have always been exploited in the United States.

The Mexican American Identity Throughout History

In the US, Mexicans represent memory; a reminder of land theft and unjust war. Yet what is commonly expressed by omission is that they are the antithesis of idealized, blonde and blue-eyed Americans. Mexicans are viewed as utter outsiders, as enemy "others." This has to do with the unfinished business of Manifest Destiny: Blacks were to be enslaved and Native peoples were supposed to have been eradicated from these "promised lands" of North America.
Mexicans have been viewed by white Americans as inferior peoples and convenient scapegoats. This thinking was behind the periodic, massive and inhumane deportation campaigns throughout US history, from the lynching campaigns of the 1840s-1920s, to the Trump administration's current immigration policy.
During the height of the Chicano Movement, activists asserted a radical pride: they were mestizo/mestiza (mixed-peoples) and part of a bronze continent that did not recognize any "capricious borders." This was the origin of "Brown is Beautiful" and "Brown Power," and such ideas were embedded within El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán, one of the foundational documents of this movement.
Many in the movement also proclaimed Indigeneity. This was contrary to how previous generations of Mexican Americans had identified, insistent upon a white identity, in particular, for waging legal desegregation battles. However, as University of Texas scholar Martha Menchaca has demonstrated in "Chicano Indianism," Mexican Americans were never actually treated by society and its institutions as white, especially in the courtroom.
Almost 50 years after the height of the movement, the question now being posed is whether Mexicans/Chicanos/Chicanas are Native peoples, especially since the population has skyrocketed and is no longer confined to the US Southwest. They have also been joined by many more millions of peoples from Mexico and Central America, who often share a common Mesoamerican root, and who increasingly come from living Indigenous pueblos.

Shifting Identities

Communities of Zapotec, Mixtec, Purépecha, Otomi, Nahua and Maya peoples, to name a few, identify as Indigenous, as do some Mexican peoples that have mixed with Native Americans throughout the United States.
The question of Indigeneity, then, is largely about de-Indigenized Mexicans and Central Americans: Are they Native? That question should be restricted to de-Indigenized peoples, but even Yaquis (who generally live in the Southwestern US, as well as northern Mexico), for example, are viewed by some as Mexican, as opposed to Native. Adding to this complexity, some consider O'odham peoples who live in Sonora also as Mexicans and not O'odham.
During the Chicano movement, Mexicans/Chicanos/Chicanas generally spoke of descending from Indigenous peoples -- Aztec and Maya, primarily. They never identified when they themselves stopped being Indigenous. That is the key -- Indigeneity is not simply the past, but also the present.
Given that we are speaking of perhaps 30-40 million people, is a shift toward identifying as Indigenous, among a population that is itself historically anti-Indigenous, possible? Who decides? Does white America -- including the US government -- have a say in this matter? The government can define US citizenship, but arguably has no standing when it comes to defining a historical identity that precedes the formation of the United States and, in effect, involves the entire continent, as opposed to just the US.
It is a conversation that needs to be had, especially within a society that is hell-bent on erecting a massive wall -- the consummate symbol of white supremacy -- to keep the "Brown hordes" out.
The people who would have a say in this matter would be the AmerIndigenous peoples -- the original peoples of this continent -- especially within the United States. This may not be an easy question to answer. Due to colonialism and extreme racism, many Mexicans over the centuries have been trained or raised to reject their own ancestry, and many have done so and continue to do so. Given this reality, many original peoples would never "accept them back." Others have and do, and many do so with open arms, wondering why it has taken them so long "to return."
I suspect that if there ever comes a time of full acceptance, it will come about as a result of much dialogue. And yet, it will be these de-Indigenized communities that will ultimately have to decide upon not simply their identity, but also their future.
However Mexicans ultimately choose to identify, what is certain is that unless something radical happens, chances are very likely that they will not be accepted as full human beings by this society in the foreseeable future. Thus, will Mexicans acknowledge their future as intertwined with the recognized original peoples of this continent, or will they choose a different course?
Copyright, Truthout. May not be reprinted without permission.

Roberto Rodriguez

Roberto Rodriguez is an associate professor in Mexican American Studies at the University of Arizona and can be reached at Xcolumn@gmail.com.